Olsem wanpela bikpela samting bilong 'rail fastenning system', ol intanesenel 'railway elastic clips' i stap wankain long 4-pela bikpela samting: ol samting bilong wokim, pefomens, tes, na aplikesen. Olgeta fremwok i soim wanpela straksa bilong "ol intenesenel standet we i go pas, ol rijonal standet i givim ol ditel, na ol nesenel standet i stret long ol narapela narapela situesen." Bikpela wok bilong ol em long bosim wok bilong disainim, wokim, testim, na yusim ol 'elastic clip', na mekim ol i ken senisim, seif, na stap longpela taim long ol narapela narapela kantri na ol rot bilong tren, na ol i karamapim ol kain kain rot bilong tren we i gat konvensenel, hevi-haul, na hai-spid tren. Nau yet, ol intanesenel 'railway elastic clip' standet i bruk i go long tripela lain: ol standet we olgeta kantri i orait long en, ol standet we ol i yusim long rijon, na ol standet we i bilong ol bikpela kantri tasol. Ol dispela standet i helpim narapela narapela, na olgeta wan wan i gat lukluk bilong en yet, na olgeta wantaim i kamapim wanpela gutpela intanesenel standet sistem.
1. Ol standet bilong Intanesenel Ogenaisesen bilong Standadaisesen (ISO)
1. Ol standet bilong Intanesenel Ogenaisesen bilong Standadaisesen (ISO)
Bikpela lukluk em long testim ol samting bilong ol 'elastic strip' na 'fastener system' tes, we em i as bilong wok bilong kamapim na testim ol 'elastic strip' long wol. Bikpela samting em:
- ISO 22074 series: "Railway Applications-Tracks-Fastening System Test Methods" i tok klia long ol rot bilong testim na ol standet bilong skelim ol bikpela samting olsem presa bilong klip, strong bilong lift, laip bilong les, na pefomens bilong insulesen. Em i as jenerel spesifikasen bilong sekim pefomens bilong ol klip.
- ISO 5948: "Spring Steel Testing Standard" i tok klia long ol kemikel komposesen, ol samting bilong masin, ol metalografik straksa na ol narapela samting bilong spring steel we ol i yusim long wokim ol spring bar, na i givim wanpela standet bilong makim ol samting bilong wokim ol spring bar.
Diskripsen bilong ol prodak
2. Ol standet bilong Intanesenel Yunion ov Rel (UIC) Ol i wokim stret long ol hap bilong rot bilong tren, na ol dispela standet i inapim gut ol wok bilong ol tren na i stap olsem as bilong wok bung wantaim ol tren. Ol i gat: - UIC 860 series: "General Technical Conditions for Rail Fasteners", we i karamapim ol prinsipel bilong disain, ol mak bilong ol 'dimensional tolerances', 'surface treatment', na ol samting bilong putim ol 'elastic clips', na i tok klia long ol 'compatibility requirements' namel long ol 'elastic clips' na ol 'rails' na ol 'iron pads', na i ken wok long ol kain kain rot bilong tren long wol {4} UIC 712-3: "Specification for Fatigue Testing of Rail Fasteners" i lukluk long 'fatigue life testing method' bilong ol 'elastic clips', na i tok ol 'elastic clips' i no ken soim ol liklik bruk o bagarap aninit long ol spesifik 'cyclic loads' bilong mekim wok i stap gut.
3. Ol standet bilong Yurop (EN)
Ol rot bilong tren long ol kantri bilong Yurop i pas gut wantaim na i gat wankain pasin. Ol bikpela standet i wankain olsem adoptim o stretim ol intanesenel standet na i stret long ol kantri bilong Yurop na ol kantri we i adoptim ol kain tren bilong Yurop. Bikpela samting em:
- EN 13481 series: "Railway Applications-Tracks-Performance Requirements for Fastener Systems" em i nambawan standet bilong ol Yuropian klip na em i bruk i go long tripela hap: Hap 1 (ol samting ol i mas mekim), Hap 2 (ol 'ballasted track fasteners', na i kliarim ol pefomens indiketa bilong ol model olsem Klas na Clip Hap 3 (ol samting bilong pasim rot we i no gat 'balast', i gutpela long ol 'high-spid rel na ol hevi-lain).
- Ol standet bilong helpim: DIN standet bilong Jemani (DIN 17221 "Spring Steel Specification", DIN EN 13481, wankain olsem standet bilong Yurop), BS standet bilong Briten (BS EN 13481, wankain olsem standet bilong Yurop), we i stretim moa yet wok bilong kamapim ol samting na ol ditel bilong tes.
4.North American Standard Wantaim ol tren bilong Amerika na Kanada olsem as bilong en, em i save bihainim ol lain bilong ol hevi lod na bikpela 'axle lod' long Not Amerika. Ol standet i lukluk long wok na strong bilong en. Bikpela samting em: - AREMA standet (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance Association): Sapta 3 "Track Structure" bilong "Railway Engineering Manual" i tok klia long presa bilong 'buckling', 'fatigue life', na ol samting ol i nidim long ol 'elastic bar'. Ol i save yusim AISI 6150 spring steel, na em i tok olsem 'buckling pressure' bilong ol 'elastic bars' i mas kamap long 10-15kN, na 'fatigue life' i no ken liklik long 3×106 taim. - ASTM standet: ASTM A232 "Spring Steel Specification" na ASTM Tes Rot" i givim teknikel sapot long tes bilong ol samting bilong spring na tes bilong pefomens, na ol i yusim wantaim ol standet bilong AREMA. ### 3. Ol bikpela kantri-spes standet (i stret long nesenel kondisen, ol samting i narapela) Wanwan kantri i bungim ol wok bilong tren bilong em yet (olsem hai-spid tren spit, hevi-diuti eksel lod, ol kain tren spesifikasen) na kamapim ol standet bilong em yet long ol standet na rijonal beis bilong ol intenesenel standet na teknikel model long kliarim ol ol spesifikesen bilong ol 'elastic bar' we ol i save yusim planti taim insait long kantri long lukim olsem em i inapim ol nid bilong ol lain bilong em yet.
5. German standet (Vossloh sistem i sapotim) Long German Vossloh fastener sistem, ol i kamapim wanpela eksklusiv elastic strip standet, we i gat 'snap pressure grading', we i gutpela long ol rot bilong tren long ol kantri bilong Yurop na planti kantri long wol: - Ol as standet: EN 1008 (Spring Stepring), D. 17221, tok klia long ol teknikel rikwaemen bilong SKL series spring bars (SKL 12/15/18), namel long ol SKL 15 spring bars i gat 'buckle pressure' bilong 15kN, we i gutpela long ol UIC60 rel, na em i ol samting we planti manmeri i save yusim. 6. British Standard (Pandrol sistem) we i sapotim ol British Pandro sistem we i save strongim ol hevi-wok na hariap instolesen rikwaemen. Bikpela standet em BS EN 13481. Ol klip we i stap em PR series (bikpela presa bilong 'buckling', i gutpela long ol hevi-diuti tren), Fast Clip sistem (ol klip we ol i bin bungim pastaim, i sapotim wok bilong putim long masin), na ol Nabla klip (ol 'blade-, ating ol i wokim long ain plet).
7. Ol narapela kantri/rijon standet - Japan: JIS E 1115 "Track Fastener Standard", we i gat E-taip klip seris, i gutpela long Japan's narrow gauge na Shinkansen hai-spid rel lain, i lukluk long laitweit na elastik adaptesen{{53}} {GO ST "Technical Conditions for Railway Fasteners", we i stret long ol 'broad gauge' lain bilong Rasia, i kliarim ol samting, sais na ol samting we ol 'elastic strips' i mas mekim, na i wankain olsem ol standet rel na ain bek plet bilong Rasia. ol tren, i gat bikpela askim long 'fatigue life' na 'corrosion resistance' bilong ol 'elastic bars'.
8. Ol standet bilong Saina (TB/T Siris)
Long bihainim ol narapela narapela nid bilong ol konvensenel, hai-spid, na hevi-haul tren bilong Saina, ol i kamapim wanpela ful elastik rel standet sistem, we as bilong en i gat:
- TB/T 3065 series: Railway Fastener Springs (nupela vesen TB/T 3065-2020), we i karamapim ol spring we ol i save yusim planti taim olsem Taip I, Taip II, na Taip III, na i tok klia long strong bilong pasim, raun bilong spring, na ol samting ol i nidim long ol narapela narapela spring (planti taim 200A Sin Sin na 20A20A ain).
- TB/T 3395.3-2015: Spesel standet bilong ol hai-spid rel elastik klip, we i putim ol bikpela samting long 'elasticity', 'fatigue life' na 'insulation' pefomens bilong ol 'balastless track elastic clips', na em i gutpela long ol hai-spid rel lain wantaim 350/00 antap.
Long praktis, planti ol projek bilong tren i save putim UIC na EN standet i go pas long mekim ol i ken wok gut wantaim ol boda. Ol nesenel standet i givim moa stia long ol spesifik operesenel kondisen. Long olgeta, 'elastic clip standardization' i karamapim wok bilong makim ol samting, disain bilong straksa, na wok bilong les, na dispela i givim strongpela as bilong seif na gutpela wok bilong tren long olgeta hap bilong wol.
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